The amounts of generated waste are constantly increasing from year to year and in two to three years we will cross the limit of 1 million tons of waste generated annually. Republic of Macedonia is slowly but surely turning into one huge landfill.
Generated waste is the waste generated by the population, while collected waste is the waste that utilities collect from citizens. The amounts of generated and collected waste vary significantly and are different for each region. Only for the Skopje region, these quantities are almost identical, that is, almost all the waste generated by the citizens is recycled.
The difference between generated and collected waste is the waste that the citizens themselves throw in different places throughout the neighborhoods where they live, regardless of whether they are already existing landfills or they themselves choose a new location that suits them and start a new one. the wild dump, which is quite common in smaller places, is burned in the open in their yards. In the 5 regions selected by this project, citizens create 550,000 tons of waste per year, while utility companies collect 330,000 tons per year, the difference is in the waste that the citizens themselves throw where they can. The communally served population, i.e. by the communal enterprises in RSM, it is only 78%. Uncollected municipal waste at the level of RSM is 31%, while in the 5 regions covered by the project it is as much as 40% and this waste ends up everywhere in nature where citizens deposit it on their own desire.
Regardless of whether the waste is collected or not, all of it ends up in some kind of landfill, that is, even 99.7% ends up in wild and unregulated landfills.
Recycling is the best way to solve the waste problem, but in our country only 0.3% of the total waste is recycled. In European countries, 42% of waste cannot be recycled, while in RSM, where there is no primary waste selection, even 60% of waste cannot be recycled. This non-recycled waste, if not converted into energy, ends up in various landfills where it decomposes and just burns in uncontrolled conditions.
Other factors that contribute to the terribly bad state of municipal waste in the country, according to our analysis, are the following:
1. Obsolete and insufficient amount of means for waste collection.
2. Inadequate equipment and means for handling waste
3. Absence of primary choice of waste in households
4. General carelessness when choosing the location of waste disposal (one data from our analysis that may seem surprising to you, but is correct is that in our country there are at least 3 times more landfills than populated areas - you can literally say that everyone throws them away waste where it can go)
5. Disposal of waste in unregulated landfills that often catch fire spontaneously - real environmental disasters throughout Macedonia.
Our project aims to solve all these problems in the selected 5 planning regions, special emphasis is placed on putting an end to the disposal of waste in any landfills and equalizing the amounts of generated and collected waste in all regions, i.e. collection of the total waste created by the citizens and their 100% service with communal services. In addition, all biomass will be processed - vegetable degradable waste created by agricultural production in quantities estimated at 120,000 tons per year and which quantities are currently burned on and around agricultural lands.
Our project will cover 5 out of 8 planning regions shown on the map, ie 74% of the territory and 48% of the population in RSM.
The green energy plant will be located in a geostrategic location near the village of Dubrovo, municipality of Negotino, near TE Negotino and the City Landfill, due to the central location in relation to all covered regions, the existence of excellent road and energy infrastructure and the availability of sources of water as well as the possibility of processing all the waste that is on the landfill and it ceases to exist, and in order to achieve smooth collection and transportation of the waste to the factory as well as an increase in the number of communally served population in 22 locations throughout the covered planning regions that are shown on the map, transfer stations and substations will be built.
Transfer stations of this type have already been built in Tetovo and Struga
In order to solve the problem of uncollected municipal waste, i.e. complete utility services for the population covered in the 5 planning regions, an irreversible investment in 100 utility vehicles and 6000 utility containers, which will be distributed to utility companies, is foreseen. in all covered municipalities. In addition to these irreversible investments, as well as all transfer stations and substations after construction will be assigned to the management of the utility companies in the municipalities in which they will be built.
The green energy factory was developed following the example of Toplarna Celje, Slovenia, which has already been operating successfully for about 10 years. And it will have the same waste-to-energy technology.
| The project is designed to work as follows: Municipal enterprises will continue to collect municipal waste from the population on a daily basis, but instead of transporting the waste to local unregulated landfills, it will be transported to transfer stations and substations, where the waste will be compressed with hydraulic presses in hermetically sealed containers to avoid spreading the unpleasant smell. Then the full containers with special vehicles for this purpose will be transported to the green energy plant where the containers will be emptied into special hoppers. |
Then the received waste will go through a fully automated process of primary selection, during which all metals, plastics, glass and stone will be recycled, and the wet fraction (biodegradable material) will be separated, which will go through the drying process, which will achieve using exhaust gases from the combustion process. Recycled materials will be taken for further processing in appropriate industrial facilities. The part of the waste that cannot be recycled together with the dried wet fraction will be fuel that will be burned in a special chamber dedicated to this purpose, while electricity will be produced from the released energy. The entire process in the factory will be fully automated.
The ash produced during the combustion of waste-derived fuel is an excellent raw material for the cement industry. In any case, a factory will be built within the factory to recycle the completely created amount of ash by inerting it and mixing it with recycled construction rubble, recycled stone and cement, which will form an aggregate suitable for tamping, asphalting or the production of becaton elements . . (Solving the problem of the need for landfills) The leachate created by the municipal waste will be collected in special containers in the transfer stations that will be transported to the plant and in its treatment plant will be purified to water quality of category 2 (water suitable for sanitary use ) and such water will be discharged into the Vardar river, whose water is of category 4 to 5 quality, i.e. water that may not be used even for irrigation of agricultural lands. (solving the problem of groundwater pollution from landfills)
The technology will be adapted to our conditions, and the factory will consist of 5 individual waste processing lines that together will represent the factory for the production of green energy.
The technology itself works in such a way that the obtained fuel from municipal waste will be stored in receiving bunkers in which there is pressure and will be added with the help of an automated crane to the first gasification chamber.
further, by adding a sufficient amount of air and with great turbulent mixing, they burn completely in the second chamber at a temperature higher than 1200 oC, with the gases remaining in the second chamber for more than 2 seconds. The energy obtained from the combustion is used to produce high-pressure steam, which drives a generator to produce electricity. The applied technology imitates the natural process of decomposition of materials and represents their thermal recycling, which enables the production of green energy. The technology is provided by the British company GridPower
The plant is designed to process annually up to 120,000 tons of waste per line, or the maximum amount of waste that the plant can process is 600,000 tons per year, that is, an amount equal to the annual amount of waste generated in the 5 selected planning regions.
From this amount of waste, 50,000 t/year of fuel will be created per line, which will be used for electricity production.
The plant will produce 34 MW of base electricity, produce 48,000 Nm3 of off-gases per line, consume 3.9 m3/h of water, use 300 m3/h of compressed air and generate 6231 t/year of ash.
The technology is within several European legislations, such as VID, PED, IPPC, BREF, BAT and will also be within the new BREF recommendations that will be adopted soon. The output gases from the factory will be in much higher standards than those prescribed in the RSM, and the values that will actually be achieved will be far lower than the limits.
We can confirm the same from the data obtained from different places in Europe where the same technology is used to destroy different types of waste such as Nordhalben, Germany for plastics, paint and resins. Herbos, Sisak – Croatia – Medical and industrial waste, Toplarna Celje – Slovenia – municipal waste and sewage sludge, Sulzbach Rosenberg – Germany – RDF and construction wood.
Data taken from the impact of air pollution from open burning by B. Sivertsen NILU, Kjeller, Norway
Table!: Emission factors (g/kg) for some selected compounds during incineration of different types of agricultural waste.
| Type of waste | PM | PMW | PMz.s | SOx | NOx | CO | voc |
| Municipal waste 1) | 8 | 0.5 | 3 | 42 | 6.5 | ||
| Outdoor waste 3) | 37 | 37 | 0.5 | 3 | |||
| Agricultural waste 3) | 10 | 5 | |||||
| Rice 1)2) | A | 3.7 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 29 | 3 |
| Alfalfa 2) | 14.5 | 13.6 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 60 | 12 | |
| Canopy and Shrubs 2) | 10.7 | ||||||
| Pastures 2) | 8.0 | 7.6 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 57 | 5.5 | |
| Forest 2) | 10-15 | 8-14 | 0.05 | 1.8 | 75-150 | 10 |
1) Jenkins. /12] AP42 2) Gaffney'/9] 3) Larsen et al. [13],
Во табелата 1 се вредностите на емисиите при отворено согорување на различни видови отпад изразени во g/kg отпад (некои од нив се и до неколку илјади пати повисоки од емисиите на фабриката за зелена енергија)ГЛОБАЛНИ СТАТИСТИКИ ЗАЦВРСТИОТ КОМУНАЛЕН ОТПАД (MSW)
> Globally generated municipal waste in 2002 – 0.68 billion tons per year
> Globally generated municipal waste in 2012 – 1.3 billion tons per year
> Estimation of globally generated municipal waste in 2025 – 2.2 billion tons per year
> Population covered by utility services in Africa – 46%
>Population covered by communal services in South Asia – 65% (5. planning regions covered by the project currently have only 60% coverage, the goal is to equalize with European countries, i.e. to achieve a minimum of 98% served population)
> Population covered by communal services in OECD countries (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development between 37 countries including the European Union): 98%
> Global amount of uncontrolled burning of municipal waste (open air) – 41%
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